Distribution Transformer Parts And Functions

A distribution transformer is a critical component in any power distribution system. It serves the purpose of reducing the voltage level from the high-voltage transmission system to a safe and usable level in homes, businesses, and industries. The transformer has several parts that work together to ensure efficient and safe distribution of power. In this article, we will discuss the parts and functions of a distribution transformer in detail.
1. Core
The core is the central part of the distribution transformer, and it is made up of laminated steel sheets. Its primary function is to reduce the loss of energy due to eddy currents and hysteresis. The laminations are constructed in a way that they minimize the flow of magnetic flux, hence reducing energy loss.
2. Coil
The coil is another critical component of the distribution transformer, which consists of two sets of winding. The primary winding is connected to the high-voltage supply, while the secondary winding is connected to the low-voltage distribution network. In operation, the primary winding creates a magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding, thus reducing the voltage level to a safe and usable level.
3. Tap Changer
The tap changer is a device that allows for the adjustment of the transformer's voltage level. The device is used to regulate the transformer's output voltage to compensate for fluctuations in the supply or demand of power. The tap changer works by connecting the primary winding of the transformer to different points on the secondary winding, thus changing the voltage level.
4. Tank
The tank is the enclosure that houses the transformer's core, coil, and other components. The tank is usually filled with transformer oil, which acts as a cooling and insulation medium. The tank also serves to protect the transformer's components from damage due to environmental factors such as moisture, dust, and temperature extremes.
5. Bushings
The bushings are the components that connect the transformer's coil to the outside world. The bushings provide a safe and secure way to connect the transformer to the electrical network, and they also provide insulation against high voltage and current levels.
6. Cooling System
The cooling system is an essential component of a distribution transformer that ensures that the transformer does not overheat. The transformer oil used in the tank acts as a cooling medium, and it circulates through the transformer's components to dissipate heat. Some transformers also have cooling fans that help to move air over the transformer's surface, thus enhancing cooling efficiency.
In conclusion, a distribution transformer is a complex piece of equipment that plays a critical role in power distribution. Its various parts, including the core, coil, tap changer, tank, bushings, and cooling system, work together to ensure efficient and safe power distribution. It is essential to ensure that these parts are well-maintained and periodically inspected to prevent downtime, ensure safety, and prolong the transformer's lifespan.